Organic and inorganic fertilisers Essay Example

Natural and inorganic manures Paper Manures give supplements required by a yield to develop by adding mineral salts to the dirt. (1) (6) Organic manures incorporate fertilizer, manure and sewage slop. Inorganic composts nonetheless, are fluids or pellets containing mineral particles and they are made either from normally happening rocks or by mechanical procedures. The fundamental soil supplements found in these composts are nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which are available in concentrated structure. The two kinds of compost are added to build crop yield yet there are contrasts in their utilizations as will be demonstrated later. (7) (6) However, all manures must be utilized with alert as the abuse or abuse of them can prompt major issues. Eutrophication is the fundamental natural risk related with manures. (1) The three fundamental soil supplements named above are called full scale supplements as they are required in huge sums and they all assistance produce a better return. Nitrogen is significant for leaf development thus this would straightforwardly influence photosynthesis and plant development. Phosphorus is significant for cell division as is basic for parts of the plant that develop rapidly and potassium is pivotal in both breath and photosynthesis. Different supplements named follow or smaller scale supplements are required in modest quantities and these incorporate magnesium, iron, and sulfur. Under normal conditions these supplements are come back to the dirt when plants bite the dust and miniaturized scale living beings separate natural particles. Be that as it may, when we develop yields and they are gathered, we remove the supplements from the dirt and upset this cycle. Along these lines expansion of these supplements through composts guarantees there are sufficient supplements in the dirt and advances development rates and all out yields of harvests. We will compose a custom article test on Organic and inorganic manures explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Organic and inorganic composts explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Organic and inorganic manures explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer (8) The expanded efficiency because of composts has additionally permitted less fortunate territories of land to be utilized for agribusiness. (10) There are various contrasts among natural and inorganic composts and why one could be picked over another. One bit of leeway with natural manures is that the supplements are discharged at a moderate consistent rate, which suits plant development. As the supplements originate from normal sources, a part of them might be incidentally inaccessible to plants until discharged by a mix of warmth and dampness; similar conditions plants need to develop. Discharged gradually, the supplements from natural composts are probably not going to copy plant roots or be drained away by water and a solitary application may last an entire developing season. Nonetheless, this would imply that they are inadequate in a solitary season. (3) As natural manures are lower in quality they are probably not going to burn a root and murder the plant. They additionally support advantageous soil microbes though substance manures have appeared to murder them. (4) Organic manures additionally place less requests on vitality assets, and they offer chances to reuse trash. (3) There are numerous different points of interest of natural composts excessively, for example, how they contain more supplements including follow components and how they improve the morsel structure of the dirt. (9) But manufactured composts do have their very own portion preferences as well. They are simpler to get, handle, move and apply and they are faster acting and less expensive. (9) However, when utilizing a manure, extraordinary consideration must be taken particularly when choosing the sum to utilize. Not exclusively does their utilization have results yet in addition the theory of unavoidable losses is available. Eutrophication is the direst outcome. A procedure got draining can clean composts out of the dirt into close by streams or lakes. Here in the conduits a supplement develop happens causing quick plant development. Thus, algal sprouting happens which squares out the light and out contends different plants for mineral particles and carbon dioxide. As this green growth kicks the bucket, the subsequent bacterial movement takes up all the oxygen in the water and organic oxygen request happens. This absence of oxygen causes the passing of fishes and different creatures in the water. (7) Therefore this chain of occasions brought about by filtering can have intense results. There is additionally a contention that proposes that exceptionally dissolvable manures lower pH making soils increasingly acidic, which thusly prompts soil weakening. In any case, at the present time this is insignificant theory and the contention proceeds. (5) Other outcomes with the utilization of manures incorporate how they may contain metal buildups or plant and creature pathogens, which may enter a natural way of life causing ailment. (7) When choosing the amount of compost to use, just as agonizing over the results on the environmental factors, we should likewise take a gander at how it will influence the plant itself. A law of decreasing minor returns exists so that as increasingly more compost is included, the additional expansion in yield gets littler. This is on the grounds that now there are other restricting elements, for example, temperature or light power. Manure should possibly be included when supplements are a constraining element as these are what they are planning to supplant. (7) (8) Therefore the utilization of composts can be extremely valuable to be sure in expanding crop yield, particularly in more unfortunate zones of land. Be that as it may, all composts must be utilized with care and alert. Not exclusively should the right manure be picked (natural or inorganic) which is progressively appropriate for the conditions yet in addition the amount utilized is significant. Off base amounts can prompt the misuse of composts yet in addition, all the more significantly, can have genuine unfavorable consequences for the general condition. Be that as it may, decrease in diffuse contamination from horticulture must be accomplished by suitable land the executives strategies and ranchers need quality guidance to empower this. Hence, enactment has been passed by the Environment Agency and the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) exists which produces rules for manure use and draws up activity plans for ranchers in zones that are probably going to surpass levels set by the European Union. (1) Other associations additionally help, for example, the Fertilizer Manufacturers Association (FMA) which speaks to the perspectives and interests of the manure business to governments and to suitable associations and bodies, and advances the best possible and capable utilization of composts. (2) Words (barring title and source references) = 982 words Book index: (1) =www. environmentagency. gov. uk/yourenv/eff/water/210440/? lang=_eregion (2) = www. fma. organization. uk (3) = www. geocities. com/frugalfolks/organic_fertilisers. htm (4) = www. actionvideo. freeserve. co. uk/natural. htm (5) = www. lifestyleblock. co. nz/articles/200_organic_fertilisers. htm (6) = The total A-Z Biology Handbook by B. Indge 1997 (7) = AS Biology by Mike Boyle 2000 (8) = another prologue to Biology by B. Indge, M. Rowland and M. Cook 2000 (9) = Biology for Advanced Level G. S. Toole 1999 (10) = Advanced Biology C. J. Clegg and D. G. Mackean 1994.

The Effect of Clinical Simulation on Student Self-Efficacy in learning Dissertation - 1

The Effect of Clinical Simulation on Student Self-Efficacy in learning - Dissertation Example Cases like these point to the estimation of clinical reproduction in nursing instruction to help engage such understudies in having the option to deal with testing undertakings and circumstances in their own training. Clinical recreation is characterized by Waxman (2010) as an instructing system that gives understudies learning encounters intently looking like genuine conditions that they are probably going to experience in their expert practice. â€Å"Simulated clinical experience requires inundating understudies in an agent persistent consideration situation, a setting that imitates the real condition with adequate authenticity to permit students to suspend disbelief† (p.29). Explicit to nursing instruction is the usage of a similar high-loyalty puppet which gives an elevated level of intelligence and authenticity to nursing understudies during their reproduction procedures (Jeffries, 2007). The combination of recreation in the nursing instruction educational programs is inv ited by nurture teachers as another and compelling technique that vows to set up the understudies better for a future in the nursing calling as skillful and sure wellbeing laborers. Setting up a clinical reproduction circumstance takes a lot of time, arranging and exertion that draws its data from hypotheses and expert encounters (Waxman, 2010). The multifaceted nature of clinical reenactment brings up the issue on the off chance that it improves a student’s self-viability to be a progressively productive expert or leave the understudy overpowered with the plausible difficulties the person in question will look by and by. Self-viability is one pointer of an individual’s impression of how decidedly ready the individual in question is in having the option to effectively achieve undertakings (Bandura, 1977, 1986). Further, Bandura (2004) clarifies that: â€Å"Efficacy convictions impact objectives and goals. The more grounded the apparent self-adequacy, the higher the ob jectives individuals set for themselves and the firmer their promise to them. Self-adequacy convictions likewise decide how obstructions and obstacles are seen. Those of high viability see hindrances as conquerable by progress of self-administration aptitudes and perseverant effort† (p. 145). Point This investigation will investigate clinical reenactment as another strategy for learning in nursing training. It will talk about the comparing subjective and emotional procedures that the understudy experiences during the recreation and finish on the off chance that it is without a doubt a compelling system in the improvement of understudy viability. The exploration issue The examination issue modeled for this investigation is â€Å"How does clinical recreation influence a student’s self-adequacy in learning in Nursing education?† Background and defense. The present requests of medicinal services require increasingly forceful preparing of social insurance experts so a s to address the developing needs of an industry that is assaulted with a huge number of diseases. An ever increasing number of ailments think of manifestations that might be uncommon. These may represent a tremendous test to new medical caretakers who have been prepared in the conventional methodologies of talks, conversations, pretend and research center practice, as these may not, at this point be successful (Waxman, 2010). A medical attendant should be completely prepared in different territories and has amassed enough encounters to have the option to deliberately recognize their best courses of action. Such moves might be critical to the treatment and wellbeing of the patient and subsequently,

4 Candlewick Press Books You Need in Class This Year

4 Candlewick Press Books You Need in Class This Year FutureFit RL SR AD GR ? 4 great books and teaching guides from Candlewick Press Four specially-curated new titles from TeacherVision partner Candlewick Press will challenge, amaze, and delight your students this year! Each new book features a teaching guide that includes cross-curricular activities that reinforce core concepts while building 21st-century skills, along with Common Core-aligned discussion questions and independent and group activities and projects. Perfect for use in ELA, social studies, and science classes this year. Updated on: August 28, 2018 Rescue and Jessica: A Life-Changing Friendship by Jessica Henksy (our town and turned it to rubble. Imagine if you lost everything and everyone, and you had to make a dangerous journey all alone. In lyrical, deeply affecting language, Nicola Davies’s text combines with Rebecca Cobb’s expressive illustrations to evoke the experience of a child who sees war take away all that she knows. Common Core-aligned activities and discussion questions are the highlights of the teaching guide for this riveting new book. The Infamous Ratsos: Project Fluffy by Kara LaReau (ear-old Lowen Grover, a budding comic-book artist, is still reeling from the shooting death of his friend Abe when he stumbles across an article about a former mill town giving away homes for just one dollar. It seems like the perfect escape from Flintlock and all of the awful memories associated with the city. But is the Dollar Program too good to be true? The homes are in horrible shape, and the locals are less than welcoming. From the author of Small as an Elephant and Paper Things comes a heart-tugging novel about guilt and grief, family and friendship, and, above all, community. The activity-based discussion questions in this book discussion guide can be used as part of an in-class discussion, assigned as journaling or take-home activities, or serve as the basis for small-group read-and-respond exercises.

New Computer System - 3257 Words

MEMORANDUM DATE: November 10, 2003 TO: Mr. Bauer, Acme Industries Manager FROM: SUBJECT: New Computer System Proposal Issue: In light of rapid technological advances on the computer systems as well as our competitors trying to gain an edge in the business world, should we replace the CPU (Central Processing Unit) 486 computer system with the one that is already in line with the most sophisticated computers being used by businesses nowadays? Background and Analysis: Currently, the only computer we have is the CPU 486 computer system that primarily runs on DOS (Disk Operating System). It does not have an e-mail system or have access to the internet service. It does however have a word processor, which we†¦show more content†¦Following is the product information that we may be purchasing: GATEWAY ® Desktop 310XL DELL™ Desktop Dimension ® 4600 Technical Specifications Operating System Microsoft ® Windows ® XP Home Edition Processor Intel ® Pentium ® 4 Processor 2.6GHz Memory 256MB DDR SDRAM Storage5 40GB Ultra ATA100 5400rpm hard drive Media Drives 16x/48x DVD-ROM drive and 48x/24x/48x CD-RW Graphics Monitor 17 Color Monitor (15.9 viewable area) Integrated Intel ® Extreme Graphics with up to 64MB dynamic video memory Audio Speakers Integrated Enhanced Audio 2-piece speaker solution Modem 56K PCI data/fax modem4 Networking Integrated Intel ® 10/100 Ethernet Adapter Keyboard Mouse 104+ Keyboard Logitech PS/2 Wheel Mouse (no mouse pad included) Internet Service Provider Six months America Online ® Internet access (additional phone charges may apply) Extended Service Plan Value Service Plan-90 day Part/Labor/No Onsite/Technical Support1 Software Included Application Software Microsoft ® Works 7.0 AntiVirus Software Norton AntiVirus 90 day Introductory Offer6 Additional Technical Specifications Chipset Intel ® 845GV System Chipset Intel ® 82845GV Graphics and Memory Controller Hub GMCH Intel ® 82801DB I/O Controller Hub (ICH4) 3 Mbit Firmware Hub (FWH) Intel/ AMI BIOS (resident in the 3 Mbit FWH) Support for Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), Plug andShow MoreRelatedDesigning A New Computer System1225 Words   |  5 Pageshave asked me to configure a new computer for each one of them. The first one is a gamer, and she needs a competitive gaming system. Another wants to purchase a computer for her home office where she has a small travel agency company, and the third would like a notebook or laptop computer that he can use for schoolwork. Each one of my friends has a $2000.00 budget to create the perfect computer system for each of their needs. First, we will create the perfect gaming system for my friend in need. WithRead MoreComputer System Needed for a New Ficticious Business1793 Words   |  7 Pagesattached MS Word document. Total exam equals 15 points. - (15%) You have decided to open a graphic design business that will operate from your home. You will be creating stationery, brochures, and websites for your clients. A. What type of computer system will you need? Explain the input, output, processor, communication and storage devices. 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This plan must be developed in advanced so that the trainer is prepared for the information that must beRead MoreBackground of Study for Online Hotel Reservation System776 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 1 : Project Overview Background of the Study The existence of many sophisticated computer systems and various innovations that we find in this Information Age justifies the age old saying that necessity is the mother of all inventions. The need to share information in a so called ‘global network’ and man’s desire to communicate from long distances called for the birth of the World Wide Web (formerly known as ARPANET). With the advent of the internet, many of the mundane tasks and businessesRead MoreReview on Airline Reservation Systems1606 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION IA Web International defines a computer reservations system (or central reservation system) (CRS) as a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSes were later extended for the use of travel agencies. Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdingsRead MoreAn Innovative Technology Company That Leads1153 Words   |  5 Pagesflight from Los Angeles to New York in 1953. Their conversation about the travel industry parked the idea for a data processing system that could create and manage airline seat reservations and instantly make that data available electronically to any agent at any location. Six years later, their ideas became reality. American Airlines and IBM announced their plans to develop a Semi-Automated Business Research environment , better known as Sabre. The revolutionary system was the first real-time businessRead MoreNotes On The Hospitality Industry Essay1616 Words   |  7 Pagesreport†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 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Cuban Film Industry Essay - 1292 Words

Cuban Film Industry Bennito Mussolini constructed Cinecitta in 1938, the most significant film studio in Europe. Stalin had hi own Private projection. Juan Peron and Mao Zedong shared the fascination, they both married actresses. Francisco Franco was said to have a fantasy of being a movie writer. The leader of the Cuban Revolution follows their footsteps. In 1979 he created, ?The International Film Festival of Havana? and also inaugurates a school for the Cuban youth to follow on their prestigious film makers rule of the screen. The Cuban revolution had a great impact on future Cuban filmmakers and the Cuban film industry. Before the revolution, during Batista?s dictatorship, cinema only existed in the capital and major cities; only†¦show more content†¦?When the short film opened, the reaction was overwhelming: one print and the negative were seized by the police. Its makers were practically put in the dock. The cultural magazine Lunes de Revolucion, which had sponsored the film was shut down. The panic that ensued in intellectual circle in Havana led Castro to convoke a huge meeting in which, he promised would inform himself of the facts of the case and make amends. Remember that the revolution had proclaimed itself to be ?humanist?, open to all ideas, free of dogmas.? Within the revolution everything, against it , nothing.? One of the early directors speaks of how everything was nice. Films depicted nice people in nice houses. By the 1970?s the things shown were unreal and filmmakers searches the past to evade the present. Films were created that illustrated times of slavery (?The Last Supper?), colonialism and the Hundred Years Struggle. One director said, ?It?s easy to portray the past. The past is dead. It?s much harder to speak of the contradictions generated by the revolution.? The cinema industry had limited means to entertain Cuba. Their films were not fictional and heroic like American films and they by no means had enough financial backing to create such films. Most of the Cuban films were reactions to the revolution. Portrait of Teresa, Strawberry and Chocolate, Cuba Va, etc. AllShow MoreRelatedEssay on Cultural Immersion Part 11516 Words   |  7 Pageslearned about this culture through reading the scholarly literature? The Cuban culture has many interesting behaviors and ways as any other culture. To other cultures, their way of being and living may seem strange but it is the way that differentiates them from other cultures. There were many aspects within the Cuban culture that were interesting and unique to me being from another culture. The day to day living of Cubans show how they can adapt to their lives regardless of what state it is inRead MoreThe Evolution Of Media Through The Duration Of Many Years980 Words   |  4 Pagesup in the period of all the new medium inventions and who is still alive today to compare the two worlds of past and present truly illuminates how far the media has come. Growing up in Cuba, the country did not have any of its own entertainment industry. In order for my grandmother to listen to music that was in her language she tuned into Mexico’s radio stations. This would allow her to hear Spanish music or listen to Novella’s and Los Tres Vaqueros, The Three Cowboys. Unfortunately, Cuba hadRead MoreAnalysis Of I Am Cuba And The Rehabilitation Of Prostitutes 832 Words   |  4 Pagesrepresentation of Cuba s degraded condition in relation to the United States. The Revolution was interested in the rehabilitation of prostitutes as a metaphor for the rehabilitation of Cuba. â€Å"I Am Cuba† explains the need for revolution in Cuba. The film captures the political oppression and the large disparity in wealth and power experienced by the people under the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista prior to the Revolution. In one scene, it portrays the foreign contribution to the prostitution andRead MoreSicko - Michael Moore Essay1066 Words   |  5 PagesSicko is a 2007 documentary produced, written and directed by the American filmmaker Michael Moore. The film investigates the United States health cares system, focusing primarily on health insurance and the pharmaceutical industry. Moore does not in fact pose questions as to how America should reform its health care however it does suggest many solutions. Michael Moore depicts the American health care system as one that contains many flaws. He goes on to show different people who have not beenRead MoreLatin American Music And Its Impact On America915 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans began to recognize the efforts of Cuban-American musicians. One of the Cuban bands was Cugat. It was known better Orchestra ‘based in New York’s Waldorf Astoria’ which had a great visual and musical style. Another Cuban band was Machito who were dominated as one of the best New York’s scenes at that time. Thanks, to those bans Americans adopted some of Cubans’ dances and performances such as rumba, mambo and cumbia. Americans used and still using the Cuban instruments like bongos and maracas toRead MoreHow the Cuba Policy Affected trade with the U.S. Today Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States and Cuba. The State Department indicated that the purpose of the embargo was to have a nonviolent transition to a secure, de mocratic form of government and respect for human rights in Cuba. According to the educational film Fidel Castro, the Cuban Leader came into power on January 1st, 1959 when the former president of Cuba, Fulgencio Batista fled the country, which shifted power over to Castro. The United States had close ties with Batista but Cuba rejoiced when Batista no longerRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Breakfast At Tiffany s 1502 Words   |  7 Pagestrending on social media sites after the 2016 Academy Awards announce their nominees for Best Actor and Best Actress, it was predominately white for a second year in a row. The movie industry is no stranger to controversy and since its inception it’s constantly been guilty of underrepresenting ethnic people. It’s evident that film is a type of mass media that has a certifiable amount of power to influence audience’s views, yet this platform constantly disregards the need for diversity in favor of stereotypesRead MoreThe American Mafia, An Italian American Organized Crime Network Essay1730 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesduring the 1920s Prohibition era. After Prohibition, the Mafia moved into other criminal missions, from drug trafficking to illegal gambling, while also intruding with labor unions and legal businesses such as construction, and New York’s garment industry. The Mafia’s violent crimes, secret rituals and notorious characters such as Al Capone and John Gotti have captivated the public’s attention and became a part of popular culture. During the final part of the 20th century, the government used anti-racketeeringRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Moore s Sicko 999 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Moore has been known to create films in which in my opinion has shown how liberal-minded and bias he can really be, a truly unsatisfying quality, when you think of the issues that are covered in his films and the power he has to carry out real change. However, in this film â€Å"Sicko† he has really grown from the Michael Moore we all have grown to dislik e, the film is very insightful, generating quality thoughts and questioning, why do we not fight more to advocate for a better health care systemRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Cuba 1217 Words   |  5 Pagespivotal players in the history of Cuba and its revolution. Literary and cinematic reenactments are a great method for providing historical knowledge. However, they can be heavily biased and much of the factual evidence can be â€Å"silenced† throughout the films and novels. Cuba has always been a region of great interest due to its location in the Caribbean Sea. The nation resisted capitalism for over forty-five years and aside from North Korea, is the last to be practicing communism. For a long period of

Beowulf and Hercules Free Essays

Beowulf and Hercules Beowulf and Hercules are both extremely heroic characters with tons of characteristics that make them that seem that way. Both Hercules and Beowulf are very well known heroes that have had stories told about them for hundreds and hundreds of years. They both have similarities and differences but the similarities definitely outweigh the differences. We will write a custom essay sample on Beowulf and Hercules or any similar topic only for you Order Now Beowulf and Hercules similarities are so much alike they are pretty much the same character in different stories. Both Beowulf and Hercules are great warriors that wanted nothing more than to help and protect the people they knew, one example that shows this is how Beowulf was called â€Å"the mighty protector of men† (Part one, section two). They both killed the same type of mythical creatures in their stories. â€Å"I give thanks that I behold all of this treasure in front of me. (Part two, section nine)- This shows how generous of a person the character is and Hercules is just the same. â€Å"A word so massive no ordinary man could lift, he drew it from its scabbard† (Part one, section two) shows the similarities between both Hercules and Beowulf in that they used the same basic weapon and not anything fancy, just their hands and sword. There are very few differences between these characters. One is that Hercules is known as a God and Beowulf is only just a king. Another difference between the two is that Beowulf is a mortal that can possibly die in battle and Hercules is an immortal that is pretty much impossible to kill. As you can see both Hercules and Beowulf are two great heroes that are very protective over the people. They are so powerful they can kill magnificent creatures with just their bare hand or a sword. To are both two of the greatest heroes known to literature today. How to cite Beowulf and Hercules, Papers

Organizational change

Introduction Organizational change happens in response to change in the organization’s environment. The change can be from the internal environment such as demands from employees. It can also be change from the external environment such as change in consumer tastes and preferences or government regulation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, an organization must have flexible systems and structures that can respond swiftly to any change in its environment. A company that is rigid to change in its environment risks being pushed out of business. There are some issues about organizational change which members of the organization must know. These include the importance of change and the challenges of organizational change that are related to resistance to change. This will help them in securing the maximum benefits of organizational change1 Importan ce of organizational change Change in an organization is very important because it helps the organization to secure many benefits that it cannot achieve if it remains in the same state. Change can help an organization to increase its operational efficiency by reducing its operational costs. An organization can change its way of operation by adopting new technology which will help it cut cost. For instance, an organization can start using computers in functions that were previously done by people. The company will realize a reduction in costs because it will have reduced salary expenses. Change can also help an organization increase its earnings whereby it adopts new products or enters new markets. This means that it identifies new needs in the market which it will seek to satisfy. Therefore, it might change its operations to start producing a different line of products to meet the new needs. As a result, it will be able to increase its earnings by venturing in to new market areas2. Change is also important in fighting competition from rivals in the market. When a new entrant in the market threatens a company’s market the company will need to initiate a change in its strategies. This involves restructuring operations such as dropping product lines that are less profitable. This allows the company to focus its resources on product lines that are more productive.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, operations dealing with the dropped product lines will be stopped. Change can also help a company to effectively anticipate and meet customer needs. A company that is product oriented can change its strategies to be customer focused. This will help the company to identify and meet the specific customer needs3. Challenges of organizational change Some institutions are characterized by central control of power whereby few individuals at the top ma ke all decisions. Such organizations are often not successful in implementing changes in the organization. The leaders will always try to impose their ideas on the subordinates which lead to failure of the change process. This shows the importance of involving everyone that will be affected by the change in developing and implementing the change. Therefore, if the leaders use force to implement changes they will end up failing. Effective management of resources is also a challenge to organizational change. When an organization is intending to put in place some changes it must ensure that a plan that shows how resources will be used is made. The management must also ensure that those implementing the change stick to the plan. Otherwise, the implementation process might not be completed due to poor management of resources4. Another challenge to organizational change that is associated to the need to overcome resistance is communication. Human beings are inherently opposed to change du e to the fear of the unknown. Therefore, any attempts to change operations at the workplace will always face resistance some of which may be groundless. This shows the importance of communication whereby any intended change should be effectively communicated to the members. This includes telling them of the benefits associated with the change, any risks involved and how the risks can be minimized. Therefore, employees are likely to support the changes if they have adequate information5. Culture of an organization is another challenge to organizational change. Most organizational changes often change the existing culture within an organization but change in the organizational culture is not always welcomed by the members. This calls for a clear understanding of the culture to determine the effective approach of implementation6.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An experience with resistance to change Windsor Development Inc., a microfinance company is involved in offering financial services to small and medium enterprises and performed most of operations manually. Therefore, management reached a decision to implement some technological changes that would help the company reduce its operation costs and improve efficiency in its services to customers. However, the management did not consult with the employees before reaching the decision. The employees communicated through informal networks on how they would frustrate the change process. They feared that implementation of technology would lead to loss of employment for some of them. Therefore, they threatened to down their tools if the management dared to implement the changes. This led to a standoff in the organization between the management and the employees. The employees saw the change as a threat to their employment but the management saw it as an opportunity for increasing operational efficiency7. Productive measures to address the resistance The management held a meeting with the employees whereby it explained to them the need to implement those changes and the benefits that would be realized if the changes were implemented successfully. In addition, the CEO directed the departmental managers to develop manuals that would explain in detail the changes which included the people to be affected either positively or negatively. The CEO further promised that any member that will lose his job because of the changes would be compensated fairly. The management also promised to sponsor training on the technology for all employees. This was to help them to be equipped with the necessary skills. The employees therefore embraced the changes, because they now felt valued by the organization8. Conclusion Organizational change is very important in many ways which include fighting competition, increasing an organization’s earnings and satisfying customer needs. Organiza tions can also adopt changes that will help it to reduce operation cost which leads to efficiency in operations. However, there are challenges that face an organization in an attempt to implement changes successfully. These challenges are associated with the need to overcome resistance to change. They include misuse of power, effective management of resources, effective communication and organizational culture.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the management needs to have a clear understanding of these challenges so that it can implement changes successfully. It is also important to address the fears of the employees even if some are ungrounded because will help in securing their support for the changes. Bibliography Belasen, Alan T. Leading the learning organization: communication and competencies for managing change. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2000. Krawinkel, Bastian. The Importance of Organizational Learning in Change Processes. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag, 2008. Osborne, Stephen P. and Brown, Kerry. Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. New York, NY: Routledge, 2005. Sisaye, Seleshi. Organizational change and development in management control systems: process innovation for internal auditing and management accounting. Oxford: Emerald Group Publishing, 2001. Wilson, John P. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 2005. Footnotes 1 Krawinkel, Bastian. The Importance of Organizational Learning in Change Processes. Norderstedt: GRIN Verlag, 2008 P. 7-14 2 Osborne, Stephen P. and Kerry Brown Osborne, Stephen P. and Brown, Kerry. Managing change and innovation in public service organizations. New York, NY: Routledge, 2005 13-19 3 Belasen, Alan T. Leading the learning organization: communication and competencies for managing change. Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2000p. 70-79 4. Wilson, John P. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. London: Kogan Page Publishers, 200555-56 5 Ibid p. 54 6 Sisaye, Seleshi. Organizational change and development in management control systems: process innovation for internal auditing and management accounting. Oxford: Emerald Group Publishing, 2001. p.85-90 7 Osborne, Stephen P. and Kerry Brown. Supra, P. 72-79 8 Ibid This essay on Organizational change was written and submitted by user L10nel to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Organizational Change Organizations are currently affected by many issues that have rendered them less effective and efficient to cope with today’s market demand. It has been pointed out that the nature of operations entirely contributed to that. Beitler points out that â€Å"top management creates anxiety among their juniors with unplanned changes† (56).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organizational Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, the growth in technology has improved the qualitiy of goods and services in terms of relevancy, cost effectiveness and satisfaction of societal needs. However, the cost of installation, maintenance and operational limits the use of technology among various competitors. As a result, technological innovation and creativity are not realized. In today’s market taking into account varied taste, preference and demand, organizations are striving to capture a fair share of it. Various market researches have been carried out to outline need of the consumers and their preferences. Fashion and lifestyles are some of the factors that keep changing with time. The generation gap has made it difficult to predict consumer behavior in an era of technological diversity, especially the y-generation’s one (Burke 87). Economic instability has derailed the running of the organization. Most countries are experiencing a poor exchange rate in the world market and unfavorable balance of payment. In addition, political instability has negatively influenced international relations causing import and export oriented organizations alarm. Today, most organizations are affected by the global economic breakdown, and this has consequently resulted in laying off of many workers (Kotter and Dan 57). Many organizations have condemned theft, fraud and errors within the company amongst its employees during normal business operations. With increased cartels and formal agr eements among business organizations, cases of fraudulent behavior have evidently been pointed out strongly as the ones affecting the organizational policies. Therefore, it has resulted in leakage of important and confidential information to non-authorized people. There is a need to improve the security of operating systems. This has led to the development of stringent procedures underlying recruitment, handling of tender supply as well as access and leakage of internal information. According to Lewis, â€Å"different cultures among organizations may cause conflicts† (77). For example, there are poor corporation’s concerns, uncertainty and complexity of various agreements and lack of participation in decision making among the employees. Sometimes, employees may not realize the changes brought by organizational culture. In addition, cultural diversity and integration may create negative expectations. This limits their levels of commitment to the organizations.Advertisin g Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Every organization tries to satisfy the welfare of its employees offering good remunerations and creating a clear promotional prospects. Employees sometimes express their dissatisfaction through strikes and anxiety. This may be caused by poor communication between the top management and junior staff. Sometimes, agreements on the workload and labor hours are looked down. The expression of these work-related stress coupled with domestic disturbances may make an employee turn into unlawful acts (Quinn 105). Employees have varied attitudes and behavior towards the agreements between their organization and others which may be superior. The environment that might be created by the top agreement greatly influence self motivation of the workers. If an employee loses confidence in the organization, this may lead to a job tenure and fear to be compromis ed. Morale set by the workers may initiate the voluntary turnover and encourage working relations among the employees. Democracy and equal participation of the staff in the decision making processes can encourage their motivation and high level of productivity. Satisfied employee will work despite the harsh working environment. Managers are expected to show some little concerns about the employees and contribute much to their welfare. High level of performance, that is the main objective of organizations to achieve, can only be realized when employees’ commitment is well-monitored and encouraged. Therefore, organization should be flexible to adapt to changes brought about by the demand of its employees (Salerno and Lillie 37). The world market has experienced fluctuations in terms of education, commitments and attitudes of the labor market forces. People with higher qualifications enter the frictional job market with an intention to move to another level of employment if the opportunity arises. Thus, unemployment does little to fresh graduates. Managers evaluate the level of productivity of each employee and assess if there is a need to train his/her employees to informational change to keep up with the demand in the market. Immobility of labor supply has affected various organizations which want to keep up with the global changes and ensure that they are able to compete with the competitors’ strategies. Beitler further points out that †during the periods of inflation, the country faces a general rise in price level of goods and services. As a result, the organizations do face challenges in price stability† (108). On the other hand, employees express their negative attitude toward the perceived little pay that cannot support their lives. These challenges often lead to organization losing market share to the competitive company which may have in place a strong strategy to provide for the changes in the market.Advertising We will w rite a custom research paper sample on Organizational Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Administrative processes are part and parcel of the resistance to change within an organization. Managers are required to define a clear channel of communication from top management level to a lower one. Any misunderstandings about who is to report to ideal issue may cause uncertainty in the leadership. Inadequate communication and poor quality decision making may hinder control and coordination of duties. In addition, staff motivation, if not well handled, may lower the productivity level, and this may foster quicker change to be observed. Staff may also be demotivated if the change touches power, salary and any work benefits. Members of the organization are likely to face change limits with respect to access to current information, job traditions and fading authority to make the right decisions (Lewis 130). Dependency is experienced among v arious organizations, especially those that are engaged in the international trade. Organizations may not run well without access to the adequate capital. They borrow domestically and from regional blocks. Sometimes, governmental policy restricts the level of both internal and external borrowings. Therefore, companies are restrained and forced to change their plans and strategies. Dependency may be bad due to its high cost and involvement and sometimes encourage resistance to change within organizations. The organizations, therefore, consider adopting any new strategies leaving struggling behind with huge debts. Many corporations will work hard to ensure that their brand is protected and accorded necessary recognition. Though competition may unveil its bad impact on the organization, it is the duty of the management to introduce possible strategies to outshine their competitors. Without competition, the quality of the products may not be improved, and the demand in the market might not be fully fulfilled. Therefore, strong marketing strategy comes in as a way of developing and improving the corporate identity. It involves a deep market research and data analysis of the competitors’ quantity and price setting (Quinn 127). We will look at a case study of an International Airline and British Airways. They have been in the forefront of creating the cultural diversity. Various people came together and exchanged their views about their companies and cultures, especially in television advertisements.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many great sights have been aired, for example, Times Square. They used a widely coordinated by many satellites system that covered hundreds of miles across the globe. Thereafter, they needed a business identity that would unveil their global image of harmony, care, cosmopolitan and pride. Many organizations cause culture change by diversifying their products and organizational strategies. They succumb many obstacles, and their managers try to create successful organizational culture. The culture change purports a direct link between culture and performance; this is rather a hypothesis than an established fact. Cultural audit is necessary for organizational growth since diversity in culture signifies the true reflection of societal demand. It requires individual analysis of every organization based on employees’ performance. Every employee is expected to keep to organizational ethics and norms. For example, employees are not expected to divulge and spread internal information . Every organization should be guided and driven by their goals and objectives. This is the foundation of their success. When an organization is focused on achieving its objectives, its staff is expected to make some sacrifice and abate egos so that they attain their organizational goals. The cultural changes caused by external factors should never be allowed to derail the organization productivity level unless the change will be positive enough to affect motivation of the workers. Employees are, therefore, expected to voice their expectations and carry out the initial discussion with the management on the issues of their welfare and equal participation in decision making. Management based on democratic leadership is expected to succeed and never be susceptible to any change in the society (Salerno and Lillie 115). Series of briefing and implementation of action plan call for frequent sessions and seminars for management training. In these training sessions, it is vital to introduce key changes in the management levels. Other issues that should be discussed include explanations on various cultural changes, the importance of empathy and participation. Management should begin with explaining the goals and objectives to its employees and be ready to be open for any discussion. Building expectations for success, utilizing methods, such as presentations or seminars, workshops for team and skill building, and training or retraining programs. Carrying out such job training analysis needs technical considerations and continuation of modelling of the change by senior or middle management. Professional ethics should form the guidelines for the conducts of every employee, and management should respond positively by rewarding efforts of every worker. It is a dream of every employee to have his or her remuneration reconsidered. Staff presentations concerning progress and feedback with the change program should be used for judging the workers’ performance. Labor mobi lity is only experienced in situations with a low productivity. It is likely that some employees will prefer to work in areas where they are paid a high amount of salary even if the conditions of work are not good (Burke 127). Lack of role models at the workplaces contributes to creating a positive environment in a way as it may give freedom to employees to act according to their own interest. Observational learning plays an important role in how people view things. If you feel that you are a change agent, you should get some people on board so that you model the organizational behavior. People tend to believe when there is less rhetoric and more demonstrations. Some people believe in something only if they see it. Fear may cause resistance to change especially if the employees are less competent. Change is inevitable regardless of skills to be employed which necessitate appropriate training. There should be a frequent motivator to eliminate this fear on them. This should be done th rough the introduction of effective new training programs on informational change, a rationale and a master plan for change. The right schedule should appropriately be in place for training programs and moderate mode of evaluation. Fatigue can demotivate people especially when they feel pressure due to changes made. People also feel fatigued when there are a lot of changes that have been introduced. In some cases when an organization does less with the use of the hand and turn to the monitoring of automated machines, this may result in loss of craftsmanship, consequently making the employee lose the sense of his/her identity. Introduction of certain forms of rewards may motivate the staff to take up the new challenge. Management, therefore, must address these issues regarding identity, and skills of teh workers. Managers are better positioned to solve differences and resistance among employees ensuring that adequate incentives and motivational talks are rightly provided to employees . With certain concessions provided to employees concerning an agreement that they are willing to support the new program, it is more likely that teh last will successfully be implemented. More unions and bonuses can also be provided for certain level of performances. Managers are, therefore, required at all the time to recognize their ability and use praise and symbols to show concern and support. These training sessions typically comprise explanation of the process of cultural change; emphasis on the importance of empathy, communication and participation by workers; explanation of proposed goals and aims to be achieved through change, and how these will impact on the organization and, ultimately, on organizational performance that is a translation of a ‘soft’ process into ‘hard’ financial results (Kotter and Dan 122) In order to prepare the organization for a change, management using the change agent should ensure that company is aware of the measures to be taken and focused on the possible threats in case of faliure to introduce some innovation, encourage the workers to believe that change is possible and desirable, and develop participation of staff, especially influential supervisory one (Lewis137). Management with support of the change agent should implement the innovation making the company’s goals and objectives clear to the staff, expressing openness for suggestions, and contributing to the employees’ faith in success. To ensure the success of the change process, it is better to use varios methods to introduce the innovations. These could be made in form of presentations, seminars, and workshops to improve the staff’s skills and readiness to change. Works Cited Beitler , Michael. Strategic Organizational Change. 2nd ed. Greensboro, U.S.A: Practitioner Press International, 2006. Print. Burke, Warner. Organization Change: Theory and Practice (Foundations for Organizational Science Series). Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications, Inc., 2010. Print. Kotter, John, and C. Dan. The Heart of Change: Real-Life Stories of How People Change Their Organizations. Harvard: Harvard Business Review Press, 2002. Print Lewis, Laurie. Organizational Change: Creating Change Through Strategic Communication.1st ed. San Francisco, CA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Print. Quinn, Robert. Deep Change: Discovering the Leader Within (The Jossey-Bass Business Management Series). 1st ed. Hoboken: Jossey-Bass, 1996. Print. Salerno , Ann, and B. Lillie. The Change Cycle: How People Can Survive and Thrive in Organizational Change. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2008. Print. This research paper on Organizational Change was written and submitted by user Cardiac to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Not This . . . But That Parallelism Problems

5 Not This . . . But That Parallelism Problems 5 â€Å"Not This . . . But That† Parallelism Problems 5 â€Å"Not This . . . But That† Parallelism Problems By Mark Nichol Just as â€Å"not only . . . but also† constructions often stymie writers (see this recent post on the topic, and search the Daily Writing Tips site for â€Å"not only . . . but also† to find several others), similar syntactical phrasing can be difficult to form correctly. 1. â€Å"The movie achieves its effects, not by threatening to show you something hideous, but by getting under your skin and into your head.† This sentence constructs the comparative phrases (â€Å"not by [this] but by [that]†) correctly, but the internal punctuation is superfluous: â€Å"The movie achieves its effects not by threatening to show you something hideous but by getting under your skin and into your head.† 2. â€Å"I caution her not to rely so heavily on what she thinks others would do, but on her own intuition.† Because the verb rely applies to both comparative phrases, as achieves does in the first example, both the phrase beginning with not and the one beginning with but should follow the verb; the phrase describing the recommended strategy should also be revised to more thoroughly parallel the description of the person’s original approach: â€Å"I caution her to rely not so heavily on what she thinks others would do but to depend, rather, on her intuition.† 3. â€Å"He films it in a way that doesn’t suggest good taste, but colossal presumption and delusion.† This sentence has the same error of parallelism as the preceding one; the verb suggest should precede both the not phrase (here, its beginning is disguised as doesn’t) and the but phrase: â€Å"He films it in a way that suggests not good taste but colossal presumption and delusion.† 4. â€Å"But the story here is not one of privacy infringement so much as the way real estate is changing because of technology.† The comparative phrasing here is incomplete; a repetition of is within a mirroring verb phrase must be inserted before the concluding phrase: â€Å"But the story here is not one of privacy infringement so much as it is the way real estate is changing because of technology.† 5. â€Å"They accomplished this task both by utilizing the built-in transformation tools and creating their own.† Both is correctly positioned only if by is repeated before the verb in the second part of the compound phrase: â€Å"They accomplished this task both by utilizing the built-in transformation tools and by creating their own.† Otherwise, both should switch places with by: â€Å"They accomplished this task by both utilizing the built-in transformation tools and creating their own.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational WritingThat vs. WhichList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Invention and History of the Colt Revolver

Invention and History of the Colt Revolver Samuel Colt invented the first revolver, a gun named after its inventor Colt, and after its revolving cylinder revolver. In 1836, Samuel Colt was granted a U.S. patent for the Colt revolver, which was equipped with a revolving cylinder containing five or six bullets and an innovative cocking device. The History of the Colt Revolver Before the Colt revolver, only one and two-barrel flintlock pistols had been invented for handheld use. Colt revolvers were all based on cap-and-ball technology until the Smith and Wesson license on the bored-through cylinder (bought from Rollin White) expired around 1869. According to www.midwestgunshows.com: Horace Smith Daniel Wesson formed their second partnership (SW) in 1856 for the development and manufacture of a revolver chambered for a self-contained metallic cartridge. During this development period, while researching existing patents, it was found that a Rollin White had patented a bored through cylinder for a paper cartridge sometime earlier. A licensing agreement was arranged between Smith and Wesson and Rollin White. In 1855, Rollin White patented the bored-through cylinder. According to www.armchairgunshow.com: The Rollin White patent covered the right to make a revolver cylinder bored-through end to end - an obvious requirement for an effective cartridge revolver. This fact didnt slow down some firms, who proceeded to make the highly popular cartridge style revolvers. Some used their own designs, and some just produced outright copies of the Smith and Wesson pattern. Smith and Wesson pursued redress in court, resulting in several US makers being required to mark Made for SW or words to that effect on their revolvers.

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why Personal Statement

Your views stand out among others i have read and here is why - Personal Statement Example However, it is an undeniable fact that American society observed new horizons of life and learned new lessons. People were afraid of the loss of work and the hardships that would accompany with the economic calamity. Depression was not only an economic devastation, but it changed the social perspective entirely. For instance, women find it easier to get low-wage jobs that opens new opportunities for them although it was a clear deviation from ideal gender roles in a family at that time. Farmers could not bear the heavy burdens of banks loans and saw the commodity prices fall sharply. The event forced mass agricultural based population to move in urban settlements to find a job. By the introduction of CCC, NWA, and WPA, people start thinking that their government is actually working for them. The government had more control and an increased influence on people’s life and that lingers on till today. Just when the American economy was reshaping itself and recuperating from the de pression, United States was forced to enter into the WWII. Ironically, the war helped the economic activity and reduced employment that had surged to more than 11 percent. However, economists believe that the real prosperity started not before the war ended. What bothers me most is the concept that freedom comes through government. Ideally, government should protect its citizens from internal or external violent and destructive elements. Should government be allowed to start a war?

CASE STUDY ----- Accsys Technologies PLC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

----- Accsys Technologies PLC - Case Study Example This paper will analyze the financial statements and annual reports of the company and identify three areas of heightened audit risk in the auditing of the company this year. In addition, the paper will explain the reasons for five substantive audit procedures in relation to the areas of heightened audit risk identified. From the annual report of the company, it is evident that there are some areas that require heightened audit risk this year. One of the areas in the company that has heightened audit risk is the operating costs. There was an increase in the operating costs of the company by 11%. While the figure was 13.5 million pounds in 2013, it rose to 15 million pounds in 2014. This resulted from high costs of administration that the organization incurred during the year. Moreover, there were legal costs that resulted from the arbitration process related to the Diamond Wood. The cost of staff also increased by 9% and this was as a result of the increase in head count (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Operating costs is an area of heightened risk audit in this company since they determine whether the costs incurred by the company are being used to cover the relevant expenses. In addition, costs determine whether there is effective management of costs in the organization and ascertain whether there are activities that contribute to the wastage of the company’s resources. For Accsys Technologies PLC, operating costs represent an area of heightened risk since they keep on increasing and might affect the profitability of the company, as well as the initial business plan of the organization. With proper auditing of the costs such as staff costs, the management can make adjustments to the operations of the organization and ensure that the company is in the right track (ACCSYS TECHNOLGIES 2015). Another area of heightened audit risk in the audit of the company this year is

Vodafone India Evaluation and Entry Strategy

Vodafone India Evaluation and Entry Strategy The Indian telecom industry is the worlds fastest growing telecommunications industry. The total number of subscribers was 225.21 Million with a teledensity of 19.86 %. It was expected that the mobile subscriber base will grow to 500 Million by 2010 i.e. more than one mobile phone per household and 1.159 Billion mobile subscribers exceeding total subscriber count in China by 2013. The average addition of new subscribers per month was 7.34 Million and it was increasing. The annual growth rate (2006-2007) of the new mobile subscribers was 46.82%.The average revenue per user (ARPU) for GSM was US$ 6.6 per month. There were more number of mobile users than fixed line subscribers.The Indian telecom industry witnessed a CAGR of approximately 22 per cent from 2002-03 to 2006-07. The CAGR from 2006-07 to 2009-10 is expected to stabilise at 21 per cent. In addition, the telecom equipment market had grown to US$ 17,100 Million and the handset market had gone up to US$ 4,750 Million. In 2006-2007, Indian telecom industry generated revenues of approximately US $ 20 Billion. The market witnessed a CAGR of 22% in the period 2002-2003 to 2006-2007 with last years growth rate of 33%. The high growth rate resulted in doubling the revenues of the Indian telecom industry in the past 3 years. The industrys revenue is expected to grow up to $ 43 Billion by 2009-2010. The Indian telecom industry can be divided broadly into Basic, Mobile and Internet services. Basic services cover Fixed Wire Line and Wireless in Local Loop (WLL-fixed) services. This segment is dominated by BSNL and MTNL. MTNL operates in Delhi and Mumbai, whereas BSNL dominates the rest of the country. A few private service providers like Bharati and Reliance have done well lately in this segment but government owned BSNL and MTNL continue to dominate in terms of number of subscribers. In 2006, the total number of basic service subscribers exceeded 50 million. Fixed wire line users made up a large share of this, with a contribution of 83 per cent. Mobile Services The prime reason of the spectacular growth in the Indian telecom industry is the rise of Mobile Services. The total number of mobile services subscribers has increased to 185.13 Million with an addition of more than 6 Million subscribers every month. India is one of the few countries where there are more number of subscribers than the number of fixed line users. GSM dominate this segment with a share of 73% whereas CDMA has a share on only 27%. Currently there are 12 active players in this segment. All the service providers provide services predominantly under two categories Voice Service and Value Added Services (VAS). Voice service comprise of only basic calling services whereas Value Added Services comprise of SMS, mobile internet services, email, chatting, conferencing, video conferencing, GPRS services etc. The revenues from Value Added Services are growing by 30-40% annually. This growth is laying foundations for the introduction of 3G services in India. All the service providers have constantly indulged in price wars which have led to a reduction in the ARPU constantly. However, the reduction in ARPU has been backed by the increasing number of subscribers. The ARPU of GSM service in India has been much higher as compared to CDMA. In spite of a constant decline in ARPU and with the help of constant tariff reduction, the mobile usage in India has been increasing constantly. Currently, India stands at 2nd position in the world after China in terms of Minutes of Usage (MoU). Another inference of reduced tariffs, reduced ARPU and increasing number of subscribers is that the service providers is successfully tapping the bottom of the pyramid by increasing affordability, which has a huge market potential. Internet Services In 2002, the government of India opened internet telephony and issued licences in this domain. In 2004, the government of India implemented the Broadband Policy which sent out signals of governments positive intent of increasing the penetration of internet in India. Currently, there are 2.25 Million internet connections in India. There are nearly 400 Internet Service providers which are operating in India currently. Though the penetration rate is low, but this segment holds a huge growth potential in India. Government owned BSNL is the largest player in this segment. The total number of Internet subscribers increased at a CAGR of approximately 60 per cent from 1997-98 to 2006-07. An emergence of private players and superior technologies, internet broadband segments have shown impressive potential for growth. With the significant undergoing improvement in telecom infrastructure, the quality and penetration of internet broadband services have undergone significant improvements. Though the private ISPs are catching up fast, the government owned ISPs BSNL and MTNL still hold nearly two third share of the total internet services market India. Telecom Subscriber Base and Tele-density Due to the phenomenal growth rate in the Indian telecom industry, India is likely to reach second position in the global telecommunications market by 2010. The total subscriber base in India is likely to reach 500 Million by 2010. The telecom subscriber base is expanding phenomenally and the soaring industry revenues are a clear proof of it. The additions in subscriber base in 2007 registered a growth of approximately 47 per cent over the previous year. The CAGR witnessed by the subscriber base for the period 2002-03 to 2006-07 stood at 40.4 per cent. The superbly increasingly subscriber base has also played its part in increasing the tele-density in the country. Currently, the tele-density is India is low as compared to other markets, which is an Indication of a huge untapped market and a huge business opportunity. In 2006-07, India had a tele-density of 18.31%, depicting a growth of 43%. From 2002-03 to 2006-07, the tele-density in India registered a CAGR at 40.4 per cent and 37.6%. Telecom Service Providers The Wireless Industry crossed 165.11 million-subscribers mark in 2007 comprising of 120.47 million GSM and 44.64 million CDMA subscribers registering an annual growth of 83.17%. Bharati leads the Indian telecom market with a total share of 22.49% followed by BSNL, Reliance and Hutch. Despite stiff competition, Bharti has been successful in retaining its position of leadership. 75% of the total GSM segment is occupied by the private players, Bharti and Hutch being the top two players. Reliance and Tata Teleservices dominate the CDMA segment with a combined market share of 91%. Vodafone Vodafone Group is the worlds leading mobile telecommunications company. It is a British multinational  mobile network operator  headquartered in  Newbury, England. It has a significant presence in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific and the United States. It currently has operations in 31 countries and partner networks in a further 40 countries. The company has made its presence felt through the Companys global strategies of subsidiary undertakings, joint ventures, associated undertakings and investments. Based on subscribers, it is the  worlds second largest mobile phone operator  behind  China Mobile  and over  Telefà ³nica. The name Vodafone comes from  voice  data  fone, chosen by the company to reflect the provision of voice and data services over mobile phones Vodafone was formed in 1984 as a subsidiary of Racal Electronics Plc. Then known as Racal Telecom Limited, approximately 20% of the companys capital was offered to the public in October 1988. It was fully demerged from Racal Electronics Plc and became an independent company in September 1991, at which time it changed its name to Vodafone Group Plc. Following its merger with AirTouch Communications, Inc. (AirTouch), the company changed its name to Vodafone AirTouchPlc on 29 June 1999 and, following approval by the shareholders in General Meeting, reverted to  its former name, Vodafone Group Plc, on 28 July 2000. Country evaluation We evaluate India from the perspective of Vodafone during the period before its entry into India. We look at the various opportunities it could have foreseen in terms of sales revenue, ease of entry and operations and also look at some of the hurdles it could have predicted. Country opportunities We begin with an analysis of the opportunities it could have seen in a large country like India. Market size With the second largest population in the world (Fig 1), the Indian market looked very promising. But one hurdle it faced was low mobile penetration (Fig 2) and low tariff (Fig 3) which kept profit margins low. But the penetration was expected to increase over 40% in the next 5 years  [1]  (Fig 4). The population growth and the GDP growth both were in the positive indicating larger future potential( As shown below).  ­ Economic Environment Since 1991 when the Indian economy opened up, the gradual economic reforms have delivered major cumulative change. These have greatly been in favour of a foreign party entering and doing business in India. The ease of operations has greatly increased. As the bureaucracy has been reduced and the state influence over business decision also reduced, it is easier for companies to quickly formulate and implement business policies. The government has been promoting competition and de-licensing key sectors giving great boost to positive market dynamics. Foreign investment is also being encouraged into many sectors of the economy. Various capital market reforms have been undertaken and the foreign exchange rules have been relaxed. Overall the economy growth rate increased, the balance of payments is stabilized and the economy overall looked very promising. Regulatory status TRAI The regulatory institutions were very well developed among emerging market peers. The following is the mission of TRAI which is very encouraging for a foreign entrant: TRAIs mission is to create and nurture conditions for the growth of telecommunications including broadcasting and cable services in the country in a manner and at a pace which will enable India to play a leading role in the emerging global information society. The goals and objectives, as taken from its annual report 2006-07, clearly indicated the creation of a booming market for telecom operators. Following are some goals of TRIA particularly favourable to a foreign mobile operator entering India: Increasing tele-density and access to telecommunications in the country at affordable prices, Providing a fair and transparent policy environment which promotes a level playing field and facilitates fair competition Re-balancing tariffs so that the objectives of affordability and operator viability are met in a consistent manner Preparing the grounds for smooth transition to an era of convergence of services and technologies, Various recent dynamic consultations were done on 3G licensing, roaming and infrastructure sharing. The government had clear targets for teledensity such as: 500m telecoms connections by 2010 (implies significant rural coverage) 20m broadband subscribers by 2010 The high levels of fees and taxes had been reduced to promote affordability and increase teledensity further increasing scope for higher revenue. The sharing of passive infrastructure (sites, towers) was permitted and encouraged by the government of India. TRAI was evaluating active network infrastructure sharing to underpin teledensity targets. Other factors India has a very well developed and written legal system in place making the legal aspects easy to comprehend and therefore easier for a foreign company to enter. With the IT boom in place, there was a large educated workforce available for a foreign company to exploit. Although language barriers existed, they could be overcome in a phased manner. Major Competitors We can classify players in telecom industry in three major category: Government: MTNL, BSNL Indian Owned companies: Reliance Infocomm, Tata Teleservices Foreign Invested companies: Escotel, Idea Cellular, BPL Mobile, Spice Communication, Bharti Tele-Venture, Hutchinson-Essar Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) BSNL is a one of the biggest player in telecommunication industry throughout the globe. It was established in year 2000. It stands 7th in the world in term of its size. It provides diverse range of tele-services which encompasses wired phone, GSM Mobile, CDMA, Internet, VoIP, broadband, VPN etc. It is one of the largest Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) in India. It has a turnover of $ 8 billion. It covers 45 million lines covering 35 million connections across 5000 towns in India. It is a Government of India Undertaking. It plans to increase its customer base up to threefold to 125 million and invest Rs. 733 crores in coming three years. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) MTNL is a Government of India undertaking. It has about 13% market share and covers 5.92 million consumers. GoI holds 56.25% stake in the company. It has revenue about $ 2.47 Billion. Recently it has formed a JV with Telecom Consultants India Limited (TCIL) under name of United Telecom Ltd in Nepal. It has also setup its subsidiary in Mauritius. It has also formed two joint ventures with Software Technology Park of India and BSNL. With estimation of growth in telecom sector it is try to enter M-commerce. Bharti It was formed in 1985 and was incorporated with name of Bharti Tele-Venture Limited on July 7, 1995. It has mainly two groups: Mobility Group and Infotel Group which handles operation. It has turnover of $ 1.37 billion. It provides fixed and wireless telecommunication services across India, also offering broadband services across 94 cities. It has formed a joint venture with British Telecom for Internet services, in 1998. It is trying to found join venture for various sector like, submarine cable landing station in Chennai, infrastructure projects. It is ready to focus on semi-urban and rural areas and to do this is has aggressively to setup more than 3000 towers. Reliance Communication It was established in 1999 and is available in more than 340 towns across eight telecom circle. It has been offering first of its kind mobile data service in India. It is present in CDMA 1X network. It offers complete package of services ranging from fixed telephones to broadband, long distance call and also data services. It has revenue of $ 767 million. It has very strong infrastructure of about 150 thousand kilometres of optic fibre spanning India, Middle East, Asia Pacific as well as Europe. It is also a wholesale service provider for various tele-services across the world. It has a strategy to give more focus on mobile content provider rather than it voice services. It also plans to double its coverage area in next three years. Tata Teleservices It was established in 1996 and is a part of Tata Group. The range of tele-services it provides are mobile services, public booth, wireless desktop phones, wireline etc. It also has services spanning internet, Wi-Fi, USB modem, calling cards, and enterprise services. It has it presence in 19 telecom circles. It has also acquired Tele.com in Maharashtra in 2002. It has very aggressive and has paid DoT for 11 new licenses. Idea It was founded in 1995 as a part of Aditya Birla Group which is Indias first multinational corporation. Stakes of Idea are distributed among various sister companies of Aditya Birla Group. It has a sales turnover of Rs 24,005.50 million. It has a customer base of over 17 million which are present in 12 telecom circles. It has merged or acquired various players in the different circles to become a service provider. It plans to enter rural and less developed cities to gain subscriber form first mover advantage. It also plays a pro-active CSR role Mode of Entry There are basically five major different modes of entry for a company to enter a foreign market. They are: Exporting Licensing Franchising Strategic Alliance or Joint Venture Wholly owned subsidiary Choice of entry for a company depends and varies from company to company and also on county of investment. We can see from the figure risk associated with various modes of entries. We can also compare various pro and cons of different entry modes in the table. Level of Control High Low Low High Level of Risk Mode Description Advantages Disadvantages Exporting Transfer of goods or services across national boundaries Ability to realize location and experience-curve economies Avoids the cost of establishing manufacturing operations Low risk High transport costs Unpredictability of trade barriers Problems with local marketing agents Licensing Foreign licensee buys the rights to produce a companys product in the licensees country Low developmental cost Quick growth possible Difficult to have control over technology Franchising Selling of limited rights to its brand name and business model Low costs of development and risk Quick growth possible Difficult to engage in global strategic coordination Difficult to control quality Strategic alliance/ Joint Venture Sharing of ownership and control by parent companies Access to partners knowledge Shared development cost and risk Transfer of complementary skills Difficult to engage in global strategic Risk of knowledge sharing Wholly owned subsidiary Parent company owns 100% of the subsidiarys stock Protection of technology Ability to engage in global strategic coordination High costs and risks Mode of Entry Acquisition of Hutchison Essar In February 2007, Vodafone Group, one of the leading global telecommunication companies entered into Indian market by acquiring the 67% stakes in Hutchison Essar, one of the leading telecom operators in India, which provided its services under the brand name, Hutch. When Vodafone acquired Hutch the later had already earned a huge brand success in Indian mobile communication sector. Rational Behind the Acquisition Below sections will describe about the rational of why Vodafone chose acquisition as its mode of entry in India rather than going alone or other mode of entries. Leveraged up-on existing infrastructure built by Hutch One of the objectives of Vodafone was to bring the product and services at the lowest possible cost for the Indian consumers. Existing infrastructure such as, towers, power supply, distribution channels etc. could help Vodafone to reduce its operating costs and investment requirements. After five years of acquisition Vodafone was able to save more than one billion dollar by leveraging upon the ready-made and shared infrastructure. Quick entry to the new market- Acquisition also helped Vodafone to make a quick entry to the Indian market. Other mode of entry could have been time consuming or at least could take years to build the communications channels and network if Vodafone decided to enter by own. Also taking the approval/license from the government could have been the time consuming. Minimizing the risk due to cultural differences- Since Hutch was already operating in Indian market before the Vodafone came; it had a good understanding of consumers behavior towards selecting a product or services. Also Indian consumers are diversified in term of product choices, likes and dislikes, social and cultural influences, so managing the risk arises out of this divers consumers could have been difficult if Vodafone entered alone. Growth opportunity India is the worlds 2nd most populated country and the fastest growing mobile market in the world. So entering to India could help Vodafone to accelerate its business growth Building a Strong Brand Acquisition would result in forming a strong brand name Vodafone Essar in India, enabling them to make nationwide presence with strong financial position. Better competition to competitors One notable point regarding the Indian telecom market is that, this sector is highly competitive as there are many strong players, like Airtel, Reliance and BSNL operating in the market. So, it could have been difficult for Vodafone to counter the threat posed by those competitors. However, Vodafone along with Hutch could give them better competition. This further support the Vodafones strategy to acquire Hutch. Win- Win situation for both Vodafone and Hutch-Vodafone-Hutch acquisition was an strategic movement for both the companies. Although Hutch had done well in the Indian market, its penetration of total Indian population was only 40%. So, in order to expand its business to other parts of the country, Hutch needed money for investment. At the same time Vodafone was ready to make the investment in India market. So, Hutch decided to sell its 67% stake to Vodafone to meet its financial needs. Other motive toward acquisitions was that through the acquisition, Hutch would get the global platform for its business as Vodafone was an international player in telecommunication. According to Vodafone Essar director as saying that the objective is to leverage Vodafone Groups global scale in bringing millions of low-cost handsets from across-the-world into India. Sound economic environment After the economic reform Indian foreign policy has been very friendly to the foreign companies who want to come to Indian market. There is relaxation in taxation and foreign exchange rules. Also there is least intervention by the bureaucracy in the management of the foreign companies in India. Tax Purposes The corporate effective tax rate in India is 33.22% for a local company and 42.23 % for a foreign company. However joint venture companies are taxed same as domestic companies with some minor differences. According to Indian FDI policy, Foreign companies are free to open branch offices in India. However, a branch of a foreign company attracts a higher rate of tax than a subsidiary or a joint venture company. The liability of the parent company is also greater in case of a branch office. Implementation After the acquisition, Vodafone brought many improvements to the existing business model of Hutch. It also made a huge investment to expand its network and distribution channels. The story doesnt stop here; it also made a substantial spending in the branding and advertisement. Its zoo-zoo ad was one of the most successful ads ever made for Indian market. Due to its eye-catching design and features, the ad contributed a lot in branding the Vodafone products- especially value added products and services. Over all Vodafone adopted an aggressive strategy towards expanding its business in Indian market. Below is the elaborated view of the Implementation strategies adopted by Vodafone India Re-branding Before acquisition, Company was named as Hutchison Essar, which was the name of the previous owner, Hutchison. However brand was marketed as Hutch, just because its simple to remember After the government approval to Vodafone Group to acquire majority of stake, the company name was changed to Vodafone Essar. The marketing brand was again changed to Vodafone on September, 2007 Escalating the Distribution Channels Investment to increase the number of exclusive showrooms and retail outlets -Hutch management was such that it relied on no subsidy (Only SIM) and low cost strategy. Vodafone continued with the same strategy. However it made a huge investment to increase the current level of exclusive shops and retail outlets. Then there were around 1800 exclusive shops and more than 300,000 retail outlets across India. Accelerate distribution roll-out in-line the network roll-out plans Vodafone took a holistic approach for improving its supply-chain network. Vodafone had correctly realized the escalation of the channels for of product delivery is as important as developing its network channels. Escalating the Network Coverage MOU with BharatiAirtel on extensive level of sites s Adding up more mobile circles India is divided into 23 license territories, also called Circles for the purpose of mobile services. Out of 23 circles, Hutch was operating into only 16 circles, which covers only 40% of the Indian total population. After the acquisition Vodafone expanded it coverage and now captures all 23 circles in India. Sharing of active infrastructure- MOU with Airtel In order to achieve its long term strategy to become the cheapest mobile operator in India, Vodafone actively shared its infrastructures with other telecommunication operators in India Currently about 2/3 of Vodafone sites are shared with other mobile operators. haring including, sharing of towers, shelters, civil works and power supply Easily penetration to rural segments Achieved low cost services Significant capital expenditure and operating expenses savings for the Vodafone-more than one billion dollarsavings was achieved due to infrastructure sharing Developing consumer and business propositions More consumer focused strategy One of the most important drivers who contributed towards the success of Vodafone in India is that its more consumers centric. It offers a blend of product and services that suits to individuals needs. Consumers can choose the kind of products that they think best cater to their individual needs. Following are the major steps taken in order to make Vodafone the most preferred mobile service provider: Introduced low cost handsets Brought Vodafone live to India Payments through Mobile A range of product schemes targeted towards the customers with different needs First mover advantage to become the only operator in India integrated into an International mobile company International voice and data roaming Strong brand presence improved the credibility of the company and hence made the consumers to become more dependent on the Vodafone Strong Management team Vodafone took the control of management from Hutch. It formed a hierarchy of management team to ensure that the business objective is achieved at each and every level of the business Strong and efficient customer care services Emphasized on providing 247 customers care services Efficient customer feed-back mechanism- It also brought a customer feedback mechanism at place

Nolen cheese

The Nolan Cheese advertisement targets audience of all ages and both genders. The ad grabs the audience's attention with lighthearted music, melodramatic music, and upbeat, youthful music. It shows an endearing mouse enjoying a piece of cheese happily, with no care in the world because the cheese is from the Nolan brand. Unexpectedly, a tragic event takes place that was unforeseeable by the mouse. Some of us would laugh, others would feel sad but no matter the emotion, the fact of he matter is that the ad is able to get a reaction out of its audience.Our attention is held captive by our not knowing what the fate of the mouse is. At this point in time, the audience is unsure of what direction the advertisement is going. The first thing that really grabs the audience's attention is the mouse. People have mice for pets, and the entertainment industry has made millions from movies such as Stuart Little where a mouse lives as a functional member of a human family, and Ratatouille, where a mouse plays a big part in a French chefs culinary skills.The epitome of the mouse character is undoubtedly Mackey Mouse. A major icon as a part of Walt Disney's franchise, people from all across the world are able to recognize Mackey Mouse. Children grow up singing and dancing with Mackey, they learn their Abs with Mackey , and they dream of one day visiting Disney World to meet Mackey Mouse. Whenever there is a mouse, it would be difficult for the general population to not think of Mackey Mouse, the father of all mice. The advertisement uses the endearing mouse to target the animal lover in us.We love our pets, we treat our pets eke family and upon seeing the mouse in the commercial, we automatically care for and are invested in the mouse's fate – or at least enough to watch the entire commercial. The second grabbing point that kept us focused on the ad was the music. Music can often times can be more expressive, more telling than the spoken word. Music is often used to set the tone, mood, and ambiance of a scene before anything else is brought into the scene. When we hear soft, slow music, we feel relaxed and open. When we hear fast, abrupt and loud noises, we feel anxious and anticipatory.The first song, â€Å"On Top of the World† is by the band Imagine Dragon, It is a cheerful, lighthearted and fun song. The second is â€Å"The Doors† sung by The End. This song conveys a feeling of hopelessness, sorrow, and bitterness. For every person that is able to immediately identify with positive feelings of happiness, playfulness and love, there are two more people who are more able to identify and find comfort in the negative feelings of hopelessness and sorrow. Our society is built on chasing happiness, chasing what it is or who it is that makes us happy.This makes us feel the same hopelessness and sorrow for the mouse. If we can identify with someone else, we immediately feel closer to them. The commercial ends with the song â€Å"Eye of th e Tiger† by the Survivor. This is a classic and it is full of positive energy, encouragement, strength and the ability to persevere through anything and everything. The third and most important aspect of the Nolan Cheese advertisement is that the commercial takes us through a mini story, from blissfully happy, to tragedy, then to the resolution.The beginning sets the tone of a perfectly content mouse, enjoying his cheese, being happy. We see that things don't stay happy for long because tragedy is introduced when the screen turns black and a loud clamp noise is heard while we are left to speculate whether or not our friendly mouse was caught in the trap or not. We are in suspense and we are unsure. The commercial can go in any direction at this point. Our thoughts run from the mouse being caught in the trap and he is gone forever, or our friendly mouse was able to escape, or the clamp was not a trap at all.Curiosity killed the cat and curiosity will keep us focused on the ad t o see what happens next. The screen then appears to show our mouse laying in the trap, breathing heavily, with â€Å"The Door† playing as the background music. From what we see to what we hear at this point, we feel sad and we feel sorry for our mouse. It looks like our mouse has been caught in the trap and his fate has been decided. Suddenly, â€Å"Eye of the Tiger† begins to play and our mouse starts doing bench presses using the trap parts.The background music is encouraging, it is strong and it is rueful, which is the exact image that we see as our mouse not only is not caught in the trap, but is using the trap to his advantage. This is unrealistic and certainly would not happen in real life, but the advertisement made it possible in their world. The mouse was able to persevere and it is our human nature to love a good comeback story. We are able to laugh, be Joyful, and be in awe of the mighty mouse who was able to overcome such a obstacle. The Nolan Cheese commer cial is able to draw in an audience from across the board because it targeted the human in us.We all have had tragedy happen and we all know what it is like to be unsure of ourselves, be unsure for others, and not know what will happen next. We know the feeling of suspense and we know it is not a comfortable feeling. In addition, we also know the feeling of persevering, the feeling of being able to overcome obstacles in our life, and being strong enough to turn it into our advantage, Just like our mouse did in the commercial. It keepsake audience focused and watch all details of the ad, without taking our eyes away from the scene.It gives the audience a happy feeling, a sad feeling, and a resolution, problem solved feeling. In the end the mouse is alive and still eating Nolan cheese, which one can argue is the only reason why the mouse was able to bench press the trap. Upon seeing the Nolan Cheese brand in the supermarket, the audience will immediately think to the mouse, the troubl e, the perseverance, the eventual strength and happiness, and indirectly will feel like we will be able to have the same kind of ending if we buy Nolan Cheese because as aforementioned, we, as a society, Just want to be happy like our mouse.